Paratuberculosis caused byMycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) is a progressive, chronic and noncurable granulomatous enteritis. Paratuberculosis affects ruminants worldwide. The earliest reports on paratuberculosis in Iran date back to 1960’s when the disease was diagnosed in imported animals of the Abadan Oil Company’s farm. In the work presented here 13 field MAP isolates including 4 ovine and 3 caprine isolates from Isfahan, 6 bovine isolates from Zanjan and Alborz provinces plus 2 vaccinal strains of 316F and III & V were subjected to PCR-IS900, PCR-F57 for identification and also PCR-Collins for typing. In consequence, while an identical PCR protocol was successfully developed to simultaneously perform all the three experiments, the 15 tested bacteria were all shown to be MAP type II (cattle type). In epidemiological sense, when the size of national goat, sheep and cattle herds of Iran is taken into account, circulation of MAP type II is intriguing.

Equity concerns of urban planners and policy-makers cannot be addressed unless disability effects on daily activities are disentangled. The  ndings, however, strongly depend on how disability is incorporated into the model. Two Multiple Discrete-Continuous Extreme Value (MDCEV) models for analyzing disability effects on daily Activity type and duration are discussed and compared in this paper. In the \classic" approach, an independent dummy variable is used to distinguish disability. However, in the \separate" approach, the dataset is divided into disabled and non-disabled groups and, then, a separate model is calibrated for the disabled group. The two approaches achieve different coe cients and elasticity values, evidencing that model speci cation matters for policy assessments. Three transferability metrics are adopted to illustrate that the separate approach outperforms the classic approach in explaining travel patterns of persons with disabilities. Finally, three policies that have been practiced across the globe to prevent social exclusion of disabled people are discussed in terms of the effects of model speci cation on the policy assessment outcomes. This assessment offers managerial insights for policymakers to develop appropriate infrastructure and accessibility strategies for disabled people.

Background and aim: Today, women have a tendency for cesarean. One of the reasons is thought to be their belief in the effect of normal delivery on postpartum sexual activities. With respect to the high rate of cesarean in Tehran and lack of enough evidence in this regard, this historical cohort study was conducted to identify a relationship between delivery type and postpartum sexual Activity of women referring to selected healthcare centers of Tehran in 2009.Material and methods; This study is to historical cohort reason of sexual activities of 140 women with vaginal delivery (case group) were compared with 140 women with cesarean (control group). A questionnaire regarding demographics and sexual activities was used for data collection, validated and made reliable by content and test-retest methods respectively. Data were analyzed by different statistical methods with Spss 13.Findings: A significant relationship was found between income as well as educational level of women and selection of delivery type (P<0.20, P<0.001). A significant relationship was also found between onset of sex and delivery type (P<0.002) as 45% of women with normal delivery and 60.7% of women with cesarean had 3 times or less sex in a month. No significant difference was found between the groups after delivery in terms of changes in sexual desire and satisfaction, orgasm, pain during sex and vaginal dryness compare with antepartum period.Conclusion: It seems that no significant relationship exists between delivery type and postpartum sexual activities.

Introduction: Tyrosinemia is a congenital metabolic disease in which the breakdown of the amino acid tyrosine is reduced and its amount is increased in the body. Tyrosine metabolites can involve specific organs that according to the clinical manifestations there are three types of this disease. Case: This article reports type 1 tyrosinemia in a 2-year-old child who complained of urinary problem and restlessness. Despite the absence of pathological findings in fetal ultrasound screening, imaging findings indicate involvement of both kidneys. Conclusions: It is a rare, inherited and metabolic disease that despite the challenges of diagnosis has simple cure.